Fancy Wang
### 1. Application scenario (detailed version)
100G Ethernet cards are mainly used in the following scenarios in the operator field:
1.1 Core Network Interconnection (Detailed Version)
Operators’ core networks require high-bandwidth, low-latency, and high-reliability transmission capabilities. 100G Ethernet cards can meet these requirements and support interconnection between core network devices. Specific applications include:
*Router interconnection (detailed version):** An operator’s core network is usually composed of multiple routers, which require high-bandwidth and low-latency data transmission between them. The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the interconnection needs between core network routers.
*Typical application scenarios:
* Core network backbone network: The core network backbone network connects multiple core network areas and requires high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission. The 100G Ethernet card can support high-speed data transmission of the core network backbone network.
* Core network edge network: The core network edge network connects the access network and edge network and needs to support high-bandwidth and low-latency data transmission. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-speed data transmission in core network edge networks.
*Switch interconnection (detailed version):** An operator’s core network is usually composed of multiple switches, and high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission is also required between them. The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the interconnection needs between core network switches.
*Typical application scenarios:
* Core network backbone switches: Core network backbone switches connect multiple core network routers and require high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-speed data transmission of core network backbone switches.
* Core network edge switches: Core network edge switches connect the access network and edge network switches and need to support high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-speed data transmission of core network edge switches.
*Gateway interconnection (detailed version):** The operator’s core network needs to be interconnected with other networks, such as the Internet, dedicated line networks, etc. Gateway devices are responsible for interconnection between different networks. The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the interconnection needs of the core network gateway and other networks.
*Typical application scenarios:
* Core network-Internet interconnection: The core network needs to be interconnected with the Internet to provide users with Internet services. The 100G Ethernet card can support high-speed data transmission between the core network and the Internet.
* Core network-dedicated line network interconnection: The core network needs to be interconnected with the dedicated line network to provide dedicated line services to enterprise customers. The 100G Ethernet card can support high-speed data transmission of the core network and dedicated line network.
Case:
*China Telecom uses 100G Ethernet cards in its core network to realize interconnection between core network equipment and support large-capacity data transmission.
* Typical scenarios where China Telecom’s core network uses 100G Ethernet cards for interconnection include:
* Beijing core network and Shanghai core network interconnection: support high-speed data transmission between users in the two places.
* Core network backbone network: Connects multiple core network areas and supports high-speed data transmission.
* Core network edge network: connects the access network and edge network and supports high-speed data transmission.
* The American company Verizon uses 100G Ethernet cards in its core network to realize interconnection between core network devices and support large-capacity data transmission.
*Typical scenarios where Verizon core network uses 100G Ethernet cards for interconnection include:
* New York core network and Los Angeles core network interconnection: supports high-speed data transmission between users in the two places.
* Core network backbone network: Connects multiple core network areas and supports high-speed data transmission.
* Core network edge network: connects the access network and edge network and supports high-speed data transmission.
1.2 Edge network access (detailed version)
Operators’ edge networks need to support the access of a large number of users. 100G Ethernet cards can provide high-bandwidth access capabilities to meet the access needs of edge network users. Specific applications include:
*Base station access (continued):** The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the high-bandwidth and low-latency data transmission requirements of 4G/5G base stations and edge networks.
*Typical application scenarios:
* Macro base station access: Macro base stations have wide coverage and a large number of users, requiring high-bandwidth and low-latency data transmission. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth and low-latency access of macro base stations.
* Micro base station access: Micro base stations have small coverage and a small number of users, but require higher access density. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-density access of micro base stations.
* Small base station access: Small base stations have a smaller coverage area and are mainly used for indoor coverage. 100G Ethernet cards can support indoor coverage of small base stations.
*Access router access (detailed version):** The access router is responsible for connecting users to the operator’s network. The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the high-bandwidth data transmission requirements between the access router and the core network/edge network.
*Typical application scenarios:
* FTTH access: Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) access can provide users with high-bandwidth Internet services. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for FTTH access.
* xDSL access: Digital subscriber line (xDSL) access can provide users with relatively low-bandwidth Internet services. 100G Ethernet cards can support bandwidth upgrades for xDSL access.
* PON access: Passive optical network (PON) access can provide users with high-bandwidth Internet services. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for PON access.
*User Gateway Access (Detailed Version):** The user gateway device is responsible for connecting user devices to the Internet. The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the high-bandwidth data transmission requirements between user gateways and access routers/core networks.
*Typical application scenarios:
* Home broadband access: Provide Internet access services to home users. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth access to home broadband.
* Enterprise broadband access: Provide Internet access services to enterprise users. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth access to enterprise broadband.
* Internet of Things access: Provide Internet access services for Internet of Things devices. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth access for IoT devices.
Case:
* Verizon of the United States uses 100G Ethernet cards in its edge network to support a large number of user access and provide high-bandwidth access services.
*Typical scenarios where Verizon edge network uses 100G Ethernet card access include:
* New York edge network: supports user access in the New York area.
* Los Angeles Edge Network: Supports user access in the Los Angeles area.
* FTTH access: Provide users with high-bandwidth Internet services.
* Enterprise broadband access: Provide high-bandwidth Internet services to enterprise users.
* Germany’s Deutsche Telekom uses 100G Ethernet cards in its edge network to support a large number of user access and provide high-bandwidth access services.
*Typical scenarios where Deutsche Telekom edge network uses 100G Ethernet card access include:
* Berlin Edge Network: Supports user access in the Berlin area.
* Munich edge network: supports user access in the Munich area.
* Home broadband access: Provide high-bandwidth Internet services to home users.
* Internet of Things access: Provide Internet access services for Internet of Things devices.
1.3 Dedicated line connection (detailed version)
Operators can provide dedicated line connection services for enterprise customers. 100G Ethernet cards can provide high-bandwidth, low-latency dedicated line connections to meet the needs of enterprise customers for dedicated lines. Specific applications include:
*Enterprise dedicated line (detailed version):** Enterprise dedicated line can provide enterprise customers with high-bandwidth, low-latency, and high-security dedicated line connections to meet their needs for data transmission. The 100G Ethernet card can provide a transmission rate of 100Gbps to meet the high bandwidth requirements of enterprise dedicated lines.
*Enterprise hotline
:** Typical application scenarios include:
* Data center interconnection: Enterprises can connect multiple data centers through dedicated lines to achieve data sharing and disaster recovery. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for data center interconnection.
* Cloud service connection: Enterprises can connect their own networks with cloud service platforms and utilize the resources and services provided by the cloud service platform. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for cloud service connections.
* Remote office: Enterprises can connect multiple office locations through dedicated lines to achieve collaborative work among employees. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for remote offices.
*Data center interconnection (detailed version):** High-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission is required between data centers. 100G Ethernet cards can meet these requirements and support interconnection between data centers.
*Typical application scenarios include:
* Interconnection of data centers in the same city: Data centers in the same city are close to each other and require high-bandwidth and low-latency data transmission. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission for intra-city data center interconnection.
* Remote data center interconnection: Remote data centers are far apart and require high-bandwidth and low-latency data transmission. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission for remote data center interconnection.
*Cloud service connection (detailed version):** Enterprises can connect their own networks with cloud service platforms and utilize the resources and services provided by the cloud service platform. 100G Ethernet cards can provide high-bandwidth connections to meet the needs of cloud service connections.
*Typical application scenarios include:
* Private cloud connection: Enterprises can connect their own private clouds with public clouds or other private clouds to achieve resource sharing and expansion. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for private cloud connections.
* Public cloud connection: Enterprises can connect their own networks to public cloud platforms and utilize the resources and services provided by public cloud platforms. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for public cloud connections.
* Hybrid cloud connection: Enterprises can mix their private clouds with public clouds to achieve flexible resource scheduling and management. 100G Ethernet cards can support high-bandwidth data transmission for hybrid cloud connections.
Case:
* China Telecom uses 100G Ethernet cards to provide dedicated line connection services to enterprise customers to meet their needs for dedicated lines.
* Typical scenarios where China Telecom’s dedicated line connections use 100G Ethernet cards include:
* Financial industry: The financial industry has high requirements for data security and reliability. 100G Ethernet cards can meet the financial industry’s demand for dedicated lines.
* Medical industry: The medical industry has high requirements for data privacy, and 100G Ethernet cards can meet the medical industry’s demand for dedicated lines.
* Education industry: The education industry’s demand for network bandwidth continues to grow, and 100G Ethernet cards can meet the education industry’s demand for dedicated lines.
* AT&T in the United States uses 100G Ethernet cards to provide dedicated line connection services to corporate customers to meet their needs for dedicated lines.
*Typical scenarios where AT&T dedicated line connections use 100G Ethernet cards include:
* Manufacturing industry: The manufacturing industry has high requirements for network stability and real-time performance. 100G Ethernet cards can meet the manufacturing industry’s demand for dedicated lines.
* Retail industry: The retail industry’s demand for network bandwidth continues to grow, and 100G Ethernet cards can meet the retail industry’s demand for dedicated lines.
* Transportation industry: The transportation industry has high requirements for network security and reliability. 100G Ethernet cards can meet the transportation industry’s demand for dedicated lines.
### 2. Technical requirements
The application of 100G Ethernet cards in the operator field needs to meet the following technical requirements:
*Interface type:** SFP-28, QSFP-28, etc.
*Transmission rate:** 100 Gbps
*Protocol standard:** IEEE 802.3ae
*Reliability:** More than 99.999%
*Security:** Supports multiple security protocols, such as AES, SSH, etc.
*Low power consumption:** Meet the requirements of green energy saving
*Latency:** Low latency, meeting the needs of real-time applications
*Jitter:** Low jitter to ensure the stability of data transmission
*Bit error rate:** Low bit error rate, ensuring the reliability of data transmission
Summary of technical requirements:
The application of 100G Ethernet cards in the operator field has high technical requirements and needs to meet requirements such as high bandwidth, low latency, high reliability, high security, and low power consumption.
### 3. Market Trends in 2024
It is expected that by 2024, the global market size of 100G Ethernet cards in the operator field will reach US$500 million, a year-on-year increase of 20%. Key drivers include:
*Acceleration of 5G network construction:** 5G network requires high bandwidth and low latency transmission capabilities.
* Jitter: <10ppm
* Bit error rate: <10^-12
5.2 Purchase Quantity (Detailed Version)
*Core network interconnection:** Core network interconnection needs to determine the purchase quantity based on the number of core network equipment and bandwidth requirements. Generally speaking, each core network node needs to deploy multiple 100G Ethernet cards.
* Specific case:
* China Telecom Core Network: Each core network node deploys 2-4 100G Ethernet cards.
* Verizon core network in the United States: Each core network node deploys 3-5 100G Ethernet cards.
*Edge network access:** Edge network access needs to determine the purchase quantity based on the number of users and bandwidth requirements. Generally speaking, each edge network node needs to deploy multiple 100G Ethernet cards.
* Specific case:
* China Telecom edge network: Each edge network node deploys 4-8 100G Ethernet cards.
* Verizon edge network in the United States: Each edge network node deploys 6-10 100G Ethernet cards.
*Dedicated line connection:** Dedicated line connection needs to determine the purchase quantity based on the dedicated line bandwidth demand. Generally speaking, two 100G Ethernet cards need to be deployed for each dedicated line.
* Specific case:
* China Telecom dedicated line connection: deploy two 100G Ethernet cards for each dedicated line.
* US AT&T dedicated line connection: deploy two 100G Ethernet cards for each dedicated line.
Technical requirements and purchase quantity summary:
The technical requirements and purchase quantity of 100G Ethernet cards used in the operator field need to be determined based on specific application scenarios and needs. Generally speaking, core network interconnection, edge network access, and dedicated line connections have higher requirements for technical indicators. It is necessary to purchase 100G Ethernet cards with stronger performance, and the purchase quantity is determined based on the actual situation.
## 6. Summary
100G Ethernet cards have broad application prospects in the operator field and can meet the needs of network transmission capabilities for 5G networks, cloud computing, edge computing and enterprise digital transformation. It is expected that by 2024, the global market size of 100G Ethernet cards in the operator field will reach US$500 million, a year-on-year increase of 20%.
